![]() pseudo-diphtheriticum causes respiratory disease and is associated with high mortality in compromised hosts, however it is little known about the virulence factors and pathogenesis of such infections. It is worth noting that in recent years some severe infections caused by C. diphtheriae there are two other species Corynebacterium ulcerans and Coryne-bacterium pseudotuberculosis, which can optionally produce diphtheria toxin and hence can cause respiratory illness resembling classical diphtheria. diphtheriae should be tested in the laboratory for toxigenicity. The most severe diseases are often associated with the gravis biotype, butĮvery strain has ability to produce toxin. diphtheriae biotypes is not well defined and requires further investigation. ![]() diphtheriae has been recently characterized, but molecular basis for differences in C. diphtheriae has three biotypes: gravis, inter-medius, and mitis, which are differ by the colony morphology and growth characteristics. Bacterial cells form irregular V-shaped aggregates resembling Chinese letters. ![]() diphtheriae is an aerobic nonmotile, rodshaped gram-positive bacillus, which can form metachromatic granules at the ends of the rod. This issue draws renewed attention to the immunology of this infection, because lowered immunity levels within population can cause outbreaks of diphtheria.Ĭ. However, the majority of the adult populations in Europe, Australia and the United States have no immune protection against this infection. Today cases of diphtheria are still occur in Ukraine, Russia, and Latvia and also it is endemic in India, Indonesia, Nepal, Angola and Brazil, but only sporadic cases are repor. However, a diphtheria epidemic at the former Soviet Union territory at 1990s has again attracted the attention to incomplete understanding of the epidemiology, microbiology and especially immunobiology of this infection. Long time diphtheria was considered as well-controlled vaccine-preventable disease because it has largely been eradicated in all industrialized countries presumably through broad vaccination. Milder forms of diphtheria are often restricted to the skin. As rule, main symptoms of respiratory diphtheria are sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane at the site of bacterial colonization. Respiratory diphtheria has various forms, usually restricted to upper respiratory tract: nasal, pharyngeal, tonsillar and laryngeal. Typically, diphtheria has respiratory or cutaneous localization. Key words: diphtheria, diphtheria toxin, immunity, diagnostic tests, vaccines, antidotes, recombinant proteins.ĭiphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae (also known as Klebs-Loffler bacillus). Perspectives in development of new diagnostic tests, anti-diphtheria vaccines, immunobiological preparations and antidotes for prevention of diphtheria infection, and other anti-diphteria means was also discussed. This review highlights the microbiological, epidemiological and immunological aspects of diphtheria infection, role of diphtheria toxin and others virulence factors in diphtheria pathogenesis and role of humoral anti-toxic immunity in the protection against disease. Rapid development of new methods in immunology and molecular biology is currently leading to improvement of prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria. Diphtheria causative agent and its major virulence factor diphtheria toxin are well studied, but outbreaks of disease still occur worldwide. ![]() National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraineĭiphtheria is a highly contagious life-threatening disease caused by the toxigenic strains of Cory neb acterium diphtheria, which are transformed by a bacteriophage carrying the toxin gene. RECENT APPROACHES FOR THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF DISEASEĭ. I.ĭiphtheria is a highly contagious life-threatening disease caused by the toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheria, which are transformed by a bacteriophage carrying the toxin gene.
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